沼氣成分對(duì)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)行的影響

　　The Influence of Biogas Composition on Engine Operation

　　在利用沼氣發(fā)電過程中，由于沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組本身設(shè)計(jì)和材料的特點(diǎn)，導(dǎo)致發(fā)電機(jī)組對(duì)沼氣中的部分成分（如H2S、水分、固體雜質(zhì)等）特別敏感，如果處理不好將導(dǎo)致發(fā)電機(jī)組無(wú)法正常運(yùn)行。1 硫化氫對(duì)發(fā)電機(jī)組的影響

　　In the process of using biogas for power generation, due to the characteristics of the design and materials of the biogas generator set itself, the generator set is particularly sensitive to some components in the biogas (such as H2S, moisture, solid impurities, etc.). If not handled properly, it will cause the generator set to fail to operate normally. The impact of hydrogen sulfide on generator sets

　　硫化氫（H2S）是一種無(wú)色有毒的可燃性氣體，具有強(qiáng)烈的臭雞蛋氣味，當(dāng)空氣中硫化氫的體積含量超過0.1%時(shí)，就能引起頭疼暈眩等中毒癥狀。硫化氫（H2S）對(duì)鐵等金屬有強(qiáng)腐蝕性，也易吸附金屬表面與多種金屬離子作用，生成不溶于水的硫化物沉淀。沼氣在燃燒時(shí)，其中的H2S還能轉(zhuǎn)化為腐蝕性很強(qiáng)的亞硫酸氣霧會(huì)污染環(huán)境和腐蝕機(jī)器設(shè)備，同時(shí)H2S在潮濕的環(huán)境下對(duì)金屬管道、燃燒設(shè)備、檢測(cè)設(shè)備和儀表等都具有強(qiáng)烈的腐蝕性，所以沼氣在利用前必須脫出其中所含的H2S。利用沼氣發(fā)電時(shí)沼氣中的硫化氫會(huì)對(duì)沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組的進(jìn)氣管道、增壓器、中冷器、火花塞、氣缸套、排氣管和消音器等造成嚴(yán)重腐蝕影響機(jī)組壽命。所以沼氣在進(jìn)入發(fā)電機(jī)組之前必須進(jìn)行沼氣預(yù)處理，將H2S降到機(jī)組允許的范圍內(nèi)才能保證機(jī)組的可靠運(yùn)行。

　　Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a colorless, toxic, and flammable gas with a strong odor of rotten eggs. When the volume content of H2S in the air exceeds 0.1%, it can cause poisoning symptoms such as headaches and dizziness. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has strong corrosiveness to metals such as iron and is also prone to adsorb metal surfaces and interact with various metal ions, generating insoluble sulfide precipitates. When biogas is burned, the H2S in it can also be converted into highly corrosive sulfite mist, which can pollute the environment and corrode machinery and equipment. At the same time, H2S has strong corrosiveness to metal pipelines, combustion equipment, detection equipment, and instruments in humid environments. Therefore, the H2S contained in biogas must be removed before use. When using biogas for power generation, hydrogen sulfide in biogas can cause serious corrosion to the intake pipeline, turbocharger, intercooler, spark plug, cylinder liner, exhaust pipe, and muffler of the biogas generator unit, affecting the service life of the unit. So before entering the power generation unit, biogas must undergo biogas pretreatment to reduce H2S to the allowable range of the unit in order to ensure reliable operation of the unit.

　　2 水分對(duì)發(fā)電機(jī)組的影響

　　The impact of moisture on generator sets

　　在利用沼氣發(fā)電過程中，沼氣水分含量過大的話，會(huì)導(dǎo)致發(fā)電機(jī)組的進(jìn)氣壓力損耗過大，嚴(yán)重的情況下，會(huì)引起發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)功率波動(dòng)、敲缸、停機(jī)等嚴(yán)重地影響其使用壽命。其具體表現(xiàn)為：(a)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)點(diǎn)火困難；(b)降低燃燒室溫度，降低內(nèi)燃機(jī)的效率；(c)由于水蒸氣等無(wú)功氣體的存在，增壓耗功增大；(d)水蒸氣與其他酸性物質(zhì)的化合產(chǎn)生中間產(chǎn)物，對(duì)機(jī)器本身產(chǎn)生腐蝕，縮短機(jī)器的使用壽命，降低機(jī)器的可靠性。3 固體雜質(zhì)對(duì)發(fā)電機(jī)組的影響

　　In the process of using biogas for power generation, if the moisture content of biogas is too high, it will cause excessive loss of intake pressure of the generator set. In severe cases, it can cause engine power fluctuations, knocking, shutdown, and other serious effects on its service life. Its specific manifestations are: (a) difficulty in ignition of the engine; (b) Reduce the combustion chamber temperature and decrease the efficiency of the internal combustion engine; (c) Due to the presence of reactive gases such as water vapor, the power consumption for boosting increases; (d) The combination of water vapor and other acidic substances produces intermediate products, which corrode the machine itself, shorten its service life, and reduce its reliability. The impact of solid impurities on generator sets

　　粉塵是大氣環(huán)境中涉及面最廣、危害最嚴(yán)重的一種污染物。粉塵是發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)明確限制的雜質(zhì)，它主要影響在于：(a)堵塞管路，流通不暢，加大壓損，增加運(yùn)行費(fèi)用；(b)增大機(jī)械磨損，降低設(shè)備使用壽命。

　　Dust is the most widespread and harmful pollutant in the atmospheric environment. Dust is a clearly restricted impurity in engines, which mainly affects: (a) blockage of pipelines, poor flow, increased pressure loss, and increased operating costs; (b) Increase mechanical wear and reduce equipment lifespan.

　　解決方案

　　Solution

　　針對(duì)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)對(duì)沼氣的要求，在沼氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)前安裝處理系統(tǒng)以解決了氣源側(cè)與用氣側(cè)的矛盾是目前解決沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組利用問題的有效方法，主要表現(xiàn)在以下兩個(gè)方面：1 降低氣體的相對(duì)濕度

　　In response to the requirements of the engine for biogas, installing a treatment system before the biogas engine to solve the contradiction between the gas source side and the gas consumption side is currently an effective method to solve the utilization problem of biogas generators, mainly manifested in the following two aspects: 1. Reducing the relative humidity of the gas

　　水分的脫除，考慮到具體的情況，簡(jiǎn)單分為凝結(jié)水的脫除以及未凝結(jié)水脫除兩大部分，前者可以采用汽水分離器來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)，后者的實(shí)現(xiàn)較為復(fù)雜，目前主要有下面幾種方式：(a)低溫除濕：通過制冷設(shè)備降低氣體的溫度，使得其中的水蒸氣凝結(jié)，然后排除系統(tǒng)；(b)吸附：采用對(duì)水有較強(qiáng)吸附作用的吸附劑，將氣體中的水分析出；(c)膜過濾：采用特殊結(jié)構(gòu)的膜材料，在特定的條件下將水從氣體中分出。2 降低氣體雜質(zhì)成分含量

　　The removal of moisture can be divided into two main parts based on specific situations: the removal of condensed water and the removal of uncondensed water. The former can be achieved using a steam water separator, while the latter is more complex to implement. Currently, there are mainly the following methods: (a) low-temperature dehumidification: reducing the temperature of the gas through refrigeration equipment to condense the water vapor, and then removing it from the system; (b) Adsorption: Use adsorbents with strong adsorption properties for water to analyze the water in the gas; (c) Membrane filtration: Using specially structured membrane materials to separate water from gas under specific conditions. 2. Reduce the content of gas impurities

　　氣體中的雜質(zhì)是比較復(fù)雜的成分，由于是針對(duì)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的利用，所以對(duì)雜質(zhì)的判斷主要以發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的要求為準(zhǔn)，主要有下面幾種：(a)硫的去除：

　　Impurities in gases are relatively complex components. As they are used for engine utilization, the determination of impurities is mainly based on the requirements of the engine, including the following: (a) removal of sulfur:

　　以硫化氫為主的硫化物的去除主要有物理、化學(xué)以及生物三種方式。其中物理方法主要指物理吸附方式脫硫，這種方式操作簡(jiǎn)便，但往往需要占地較大的設(shè)備，而且吸附劑需要再生?；瘜W(xué)方式指以化學(xué)反應(yīng)的方式將硫固化下來(lái)，目前有干法及濕法，其差別主要是反應(yīng)物的物理形態(tài)是固體還是液體的差別。生物法脫硫是目前比較新興的一種方式，其主要原理是在反應(yīng)罐中培養(yǎng)出合適的菌種，這些菌種以硫化物為養(yǎng)料，將其中的硫固定下來(lái)。對(duì)于硫含量不高的氣體，采用物理吸附或者干法脫硫一般比較經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)用，而且操作簡(jiǎn)便。

　　The removal of sulfides mainly composed of hydrogen sulfide can be achieved through three methods: physical, chemical, and biological. The physical method mainly refers to the physical adsorption method for desulfurization, which is easy to operate but often requires large equipment and adsorbent regeneration. Chemical method refers to the solidification of sulfur through chemical reactions. Currently, there are dry and wet methods, and the difference mainly lies in whether the physical form of the reactants is solid or liquid. Biological desulfurization is currently a relatively emerging method, and its main principle is to cultivate suitable bacterial strains in the reaction tank. These bacterial strains use sulfides as nutrients to fix the sulfur in them. For gases with low sulfur content, physical adsorption or dry desulfurization is generally more economical and practical, and the operation is simple. ? ?

　　此外，根據(jù)我國(guó)的環(huán)保標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定：沼氣作為能源利用時(shí)，沼氣中的H2S含量不得超過200mg/Nm3。因此沼氣經(jīng)過脫硫處理后需要采用沼氣分析儀對(duì)沼氣中H2S含量進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)在線監(jiān)測(cè)，為業(yè)主提供實(shí)時(shí)準(zhǔn)確的數(shù)據(jù)參考，幫助其對(duì)沼氣預(yù)處理工藝進(jìn)行優(yōu)化調(diào)整，提高沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組進(jìn)氣品質(zhì)，以保證H2S含量達(dá)到沼氣發(fā)電的要求。

　　In addition, according to China's environmental standards, when biogas is used as an energy source, the H2S content in biogas must not exceed 200mg/Nm3. Therefore, after desulfurization treatment, biogas needs to be monitored in real-time online using a biogas analyzer to provide accurate data reference for owners to optimize and adjust the biogas pretreatment process, improve the inlet quality of biogas generators, and ensure that the H2S content meets the requirements of biogas power generation. ? ? ?

　　由于沼氣成分復(fù)雜，除H2S外還含有CH4、CO2、O2等氣體成分，如果要保證沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組的沼氣品質(zhì)，提高沼氣熱值，保證沼氣燃燒發(fā)電效率，除了要降低H2S含量，通過監(jiān)測(cè)沼氣中CH4、CO2的濃度，為優(yōu)化厭氧發(fā)酵工藝，提高CH4含量，降低CO2含量提供參考依據(jù)，也是十分必要的。

　　Due to the complex composition of biogas, in addition to H2S, it also contains gas components such as CH4, CO2, O2, etc. If we want to ensure the quality of biogas in biogas generators, improve the calorific value of biogas, and ensure the efficiency of biogas combustion and power generation, in addition to reducing the H2S content, it is also necessary to monitor the concentration of CH4 and CO2 in biogas to provide reference for optimizing anaerobic fermentation processes, increasing CH4 content, and reducing CO2 content.

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